Saturday, November 30, 2019
The presentation of Silas Marner in chapter 1+2, and comment on settings and any themes Essay Example
The presentation of Silas Marner in chapter 1+2, and comment on settings and any themes Paper George Eliot, which is the pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was a prolific writer during the 19th century and could also translate German and was interested in philosophy. The book, Silas Marner, was written at a time of great demographic change and during the industrial revolution in 1861. In the book she uses many different and superlative techniques, such as breaking up the story between passages of moralising and narrative, to convey to the reader, the settings and details of Silas Marners journey The Story is set mainly in Raveloe, although it also describes Lantern Yard when we learn about Silass past. Raveloe is a rural community, which may have a biological link to Eliots home, the Arbury estate in Warwickshire, full of rich people, some of whom didnt even need to be good farmers to earn their living with surplus left over. The village held a nostalgic view of life and were bewildered by the concept of Silass profession, weaving. They were confused by how thread was made into clothing and were suspicious of the newcomer, Silas, Because of this they thought he was in league with the devil. We will write a custom essay sample on The presentation of Silas Marner in chapter 1+2, and comment on settings and any themes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The presentation of Silas Marner in chapter 1+2, and comment on settings and any themes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The presentation of Silas Marner in chapter 1+2, and comment on settings and any themes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, the other environment depicted is Lantern Yard, which was Silass home town before he was expelled. Lantern Yard is a poor artisan community and even the name suggests that is a place which is dark where no one goes. However the inhabitants are all close friends and all gather together for the church services. In chapter 1we learn that Silas is pallid, because he doesnt much, and short sighted , the result of day-to-day weaving. His most distinctive feature are his eyes, which are bulging, making people afraid because they thought he had the evil eye, this evil eye makes him seem alienated to us. However his eyes also described as eyes which have a deer like gaze which portrays to us, his innocence and that he is vulnerable about herbs, which makes people think he is practising witchcraft, but is also very san and honest, because of the way he doesnt take advantage of the fact that the citizens of lantern yard think he has risen from the dead In Chapter 1 we also learn about Silass catalepsy, first discovered by Jem Rodney, who is a mole catcher, which leaves him in a state of temporary suspension of physical and psychological . His catalepsy plays an important role in the book because whebn he was still in Lantern Yard, the villages thought he had come back from the dead and treated him like a celebrity afterwards, but catalepsy then allows William Dane to steal the deacons money. However, in Raveloe they thought his soul had left his body to trained by the devil,w hich makes the villages suspicious of him even more. Lantern Yard meant a lot to Silas as it was the framework of his life and supplied him with attendance of church service and a social circle, which is lost when he settles at Raveloe. Back at Lantern Yard when he was morally scrupulous and didnt take advantages of tempting situations. Part of Silass social circle was William Dane, who was his best friend, but we soon learn to be cautious of him when Eliot describes him to be dazzled by his own light, which would have been recognized by the Victorian audience as a reference to Lucifer, but also of the fact that he had narrow slanting eyes and compressed lips. When William Dane had stolen the deacons money, the members of the Lantern Yard sect blamed it on Silas, because of Silass catalepsy, he suffered the full consequences of the incident and was expelled. By being expelled from the sect he lost the very framework and foundation of his life and also lost his friends and fiance. This whole tragic experience left Silas without religion as well, as he calls God the God of lies. After we discver about the escapade at Lantern Yard ,we learn the reason why Silas chooses to settle in Raveloe. He chose Raveloe because it was nothing like Lantern Yard in terms of community and landscape, this helped him to forget about the painful experiences of Lantern Yard and in Raveloe he believed that he had escaped the god of lies who betrayed him. The location of Silas cottage is also very significant, because it is not far from the edge of a deserted stone-pit which serves as both a narrative and symbolic function. It is symbolic because the graveyard is barren and dead just like him because no one knows him. Towards the end of the chapter we learn about Silass affection towards the gold, which he has earned from all his weaving. The gold plays an important role in the story and it also means a lot to Silas because they are his surrogate friends would now. Gold also never loses its value which is important to Silas as this meant his friends wouldnt lose their worth like William Dane did. Eliot cleverly use natural imagery to describe Silass way of life and also his state of mind, she shows us with this imagery that Silass work are now his life and almost nothing meant more to him now.
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
To Close for Comfort essays
To Close for Comfort essays According to the article, Too Close for Comfort, personal space can be defined as, an invisible boundary surrounding each individual, a territory into which others may trespass. Numerous studies have been conducted measuring gender differences in dyadic intervention. Past results have shown that females do not require as much personal space in conversation than males. James Baxter also conducted a study involving interpersonal spacing in natural settings. Baxter observed similar gender differences, however he also concluded that role relationships were a determining factor in all three scenarios. The level of comfort and relationship status while engaging in conversation also becomes a determining factor. The more comfortable one is with the person and there environment, the more likely they will allow the personal to enter into close conversation. When choosing to further these studies, it is my intention to observe the personal spaces amongst college students. Since topics of conversation are different amongst age groups, whereas college student may have more friendly social discussions over those who are older, it may be that personal space will decrease. In terms of gender difference, it is my intention to reaffirm past results that females will engage in much closer conversation in both female-to-female dyadic intervention as well as male to female relations. Based on my observations, as well as my fellow observers, results will show that females will engage in much closer, proximal conversation than men. In instances of female/male conversation, it is likely that the distance between the two people who are involved in conversation will increase when it is the male instigating conversation. In performing this experiment, natural observations were made on campus, from an unobtrusive view within an everyday college social environment. S ...
Friday, November 22, 2019
Multithreaded Delphi Database Queries With dbGo (ADO)
Multithreaded Delphi Database Queries With dbGo (ADO) By design, a Delphi application runs in one thread. To speed up some parts of the application you might want to decide to add several simultaneous paths of execution in your Delphi application. Multithreading in Database Applications In most scenarios, database applications you create with Delphi are single threaded- a query you run against the database needs to finish (processing of the query results) before you can fetch another set of data. To speed up data processing, for example, fetching data from the database to create reports, you can add an additional thread to fetch and operate on the result (recordset). Continue reading to learn about the 3 traps in multithreaded ADO database queries: Solve: CoInitialize was not called.Solve: Canvas does not allow drawing.Main TADoConnection cannot be used! Customer Order Scenario In the well-known scenario where a customer places orders containing items, you might need to display all the orders for a particular customer along the total number of items per each order. In a normal single threaded application you would need to run the query to fetch the data then iterate over the recordset to display the data. If you want to run this operation for more than one customer, you need to sequentially run the procedure for each of the selected customers. In a multithreaded scenario you can run the database query for every selected customer in a separate thread- and thus have the code execute several times faster. Multithreading in dbGO (ADO) Lets say you want to display orders for 3 selected customers in a Delphi list box control. type   TCalcThread class(TThread)  private     procedure RefreshCount;  protected     procedure Execute; override;  public     ConnStr : widestring;     SQLString : widestring;     ListBox : TListBox;     Priority: TThreadPriority;     TicksLabel : TLabel;     Ticks : Cardinal;   end; This is the interface part of a custom thread class we are going to use to fetch and operate on all the orders for a selected customer. Every order gets displayed as an item in a list box control (ListBox field). The ConnStr field holds the ADO connection string. The TicksLabel holds a reference to a TLabel control that will be used to display thread executing times in a synchronized procedure. The RunThread procedure creates and runs an instance of the TCalcThread thread class. function TADOThreadedForm.RunThread(SQLString: widestring; LB:TListBox; Priority: TThreadPriority; lbl : TLabel): TCalcThread;var   CalcThread : TCalcThread; begin   CalcThread : TCalcThread.Create(true) ;   CalcThread.FreeOnTerminate : true;   CalcThread.ConnStr : ADOConnection1.ConnectionString;   CalcThread.SQLString : SQLString;   CalcThread.ListBox : LB;   CalcThread.Priority : Priority;   CalcThread.TicksLabel : lbl;   CalcThread.OnTerminate : ThreadTerminated;   CalcThread.Resume;   Result : CalcThread; end; When the 3 customers are selected from the drop down box, we create 3 instances of the CalcThread: var   s, sg: widestring;   c1, c2, c3 : integer; begin   s : SELECT O.SaleDate, MAX(I.ItemNo) AS ItemCount        FROM Customer C, Orders O, Items I        WHERE C.CustNo O.CustNo AND I.OrderNo O.OrderNo ;   sg : GROUP BY O.SaleDate ;   c1 : Integer(ComboBox1.Items.Objects[ComboBox1.ItemIndex]) ;   c2 : Integer(ComboBox2.Items.Objects[ComboBox2.ItemIndex]) ;   c3 : Integer(ComboBox3.Items.Objects[ComboBox3.ItemIndex]) ;   Caption : ;   ct1 : RunThread(Format(%s AND C.CustNo %d %s,[s, c1, sg]), lbCustomer1, tpTimeCritical, lblCustomer1) ;   ct2 : RunThread(Format(%s AND C.CustNo %d %s,[s, c2, sg]), lbCustomer2, tpNormal,lblCustomer2) ;   ct3 : RunThread(Format(%s AND C.CustNo %d %s,[s, c3, sg]), lbCustomer3, tpLowest, lblCustomer3) ; end; Traps and Tricks With Multithreaded ADO Queries The main code goes in the threads Execute method: procedure TCalcThread.Execute;var   Qry : TADOQuery;   k : integer; begin  inherited;  CoInitialize(nil) ; //CoInitialize was not called   Qry : TADOQuery.Create(nil) ;  try// MUST USE OWN CONNECTION // Qry.Connection : Form1.ADOConnection1;     Qry.ConnectionString : ConnStr;     Qry.CursorLocation : clUseServer;     Qry.LockType : ltReadOnly;     Qry.CursorType : ctOpenForwardOnly;     Qry.SQL.Text : SQLString;     Qry.Open;     while NOT Qry.Eof and NOT Terminated do     begin       ListBox.Items.Insert(0, Format(%s - %d, [Qry.Fields[0].asString,Qry.Fields[1].AsInteger])) ;       //Canvas Does NOT Allow Drawing if not called through Synchronize       Synchronize(RefreshCount) ;       Qry.Next;     end;  finally     Qry.Free;   end;   CoUninitialize() ; end; There are 3 traps you need to know how to solve when creating multithreaded Delphi ADO database applications: CoInitialize and CoUninitialize must be called manually before using any of the dbGo objects. Failing to call CoInitialize will result in the CoInitialize was not called exception. The CoInitialize method initializes the COM library on the current thread. ADO is COM.You *cannot* use the TADOConnection object from the main thread (application). Every thread needs to create its own database connection.You must use the Synchronize procedure to talk to the main thread and access any controls on the main form.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Personal Financial Plan - Part IV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Personal Financial Plan - Part IV - Essay Example Acting in an ethical manner is important when dealing with investments. An example of an unethical and illegal act in the investment world is insider trading. Insider trading occurs when a person receives privileged information and uses that information to gain an advantage in the stock market (Teweles, Bradley, Teweles, 1992). Investing has risk and rewards. Investments that have higher risk also have higher reward. Risk adverse investors avoid risk and are satisfied with a small return on investment. Opportunity cost refers to the opportunity forgone when choosing a decision. For example a person that works as a hot dog vendor has the opportunity cost of the amount of money he could make working for the private industry. Savings and investments are impacted by the time value of money. The time value of money is a concept that quantifies the depreciation of money over time. Money loses value over time due to inflation. The present value of $1000 at a 4% rate after ten years is
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Personality Types Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Personality Types - Essay Example They are abstract thinkers who love to understand events and objects as much as possible, and are frustrated by any hindrance in this quest. They prefer to focus on the larger picture and think in the long term, making them ideal candidates for development work. They trust facts and believe that they are capable of holding all facts in objective thought. Most INTJ individuals have complex inner processes, but find it difficult to interpret these to another person. The INTJ are perfectionists, and believe that everything and everyone has a capacity for improvement. They often focus on achieving this improvement in their own functioning and in the tasks they take up. They also expect improvement from the people in their lives – a characteristic that can lead to strife. The INTJ also trust their own instincts and decisions completely, and can be put off by non-constructive criticism and non-responsiveness of others. But while this may be perceived as rigidity, they can in fact be very open to any input that would help improve an end result. Methods of study for an INTJ Since the INTJ are introverted and find social situations difficult, they study better when alone or with very few similar minded peers. They should try and find a location with the least interference if studying in a common study room.
Saturday, November 16, 2019
French and Indian War DBQ Revise Essay Example for Free
French and Indian War DBQ Revise Essay In the course of years through 1754-1763 the British were engaged in a war with their rival French. The conflict was known as the French and Indian War. It started when the colonies could not shift west, and the British trying to settle in the Ohio Valley and the French did not want them to expand. It was played entirely in North America with the colonials on the British side. The conflicts between French and the British would cause a drastic change in the colonial-British relationship. It would alter the political, economic, and philosophical relations. The political aspect would change when the British would start taxing the colonies to pay of debt accumulated by the war. Just like James Ottis said, â€Å"No taxation without representation,†The colonies agree with the statement and believed they had the right to be represented. If they had representation, it would have been virtual, instead of direct. With direct representation the colonies would be able to overpower the government and vote for someone with their interests. The colonists though during this time were not use to the British paying so much attention, because Salutary Neglect happened before the war. This was when they loosely enforced the laws on the colonists. Other then the British now enforcing laws, the colonists also did not appreciate when they declared the Proclamation of 1763. Canassatego, chief said, â€Å"We must insist on your removing them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ They set the proclamation to keep the Indians happy. This helped prevent another uproar like Pontiacs Rebellion, and also did not allow colonists to move westward. Also, during the war to keep the Iroquois Indians pleased, Franklin called the Albany Congress into plan. The economical piece also differed during the war. In the war, the British collected a great amount of debt. They believed that the colonials should be taxed to help pay off this debt. The British order in council said, â€Å"Not only is revenue impaired, but the commerce of colonies diverted for its natural course†(Doc F). They also believed in mercantilism, were they exported more than imported. By doing this they lost money and supplies, while benefiting the mother country. To repair money situations, the Navigation Acts were enforced to start generating revenue. After the Navigation Acts were enforced, the first act declared to raise money came to power. It was known as the Stamp Act. In Document H, â€Å"The TIMES are Dreadful, Doleful, Dismal, Dolorous, and DOLLAR-LESS†(Newspaper Masthead). This was proof of the colonies hatred to the stamp tax. The stamp act was like sales tax, where all merchandise purchased must be stamped. In the letter to John Huges from Benjamin Franklin, â€Å"Undertaking to execute it may make you unpopular for a time†(Doc G). The act by the British was unpopular with the colonist, because they did not want to help by paying the debt. Along with economics, the philosophical stance of America toward the British changed as well. At the end of the war colonists were feeling powerful and more independent minded. The French were no longer a threat and they had the desire to expand westward. The British on the other hand thought of the colonies in a whole different way. They believed they were laze and backwards. George Washington, â€Å"I wish earnestly to attain some knowledge of the military profession†(Doc C). George Washington worked with Braddock with the British and even ending the war his views started to change. With the average age being sixteen and doubling every twenty-five years the British would not allow the colonies direct vote. They could not let, because with the French out of the way the colonies could now take over with their population growing rapidly. With the population growing they wanted to expand west, but the Proclamation of 1763 would not permit it. Also now much of the land had shifted to the Spanish, with the French gone, as displayed in document A. The colonies believed they were being treated unfairly. In Massachusetts Soldier’s diary, â€Å"Who are but little better than slaves to their officers†(Doc D). The British wee cruel to them and this put an enormous impact on their relations. The political, economic, and philosophical relations of the British-colonial ship would be differed for the future to come. The relationship was strained, because of taxes needed to repay war debt, and not being represented for it. To have the claim over the river valley, but try to keep the Indians within their trust. They were there to please themselves and In the end the French lost almost all of the North American land that went to the Spanish. These conflicts led to the North American war called the French and Indian War, and later a greater conflict around the world as the seven years war.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Characters and Values :: essays research papers
Characters tend to take to their values very strongly. A character will do anything possible to stand behind what they value. Authors use this to invoke a strong feeling in the reader, and make the plot more meaningful. By showing how strongly values affect the character, it causes one to question how strong and meaningful their own values are. A poem that does this is â€Å"1910†, by Pat Mora, and a oral history that is an example is â€Å"Tsali of the Cherokees†, by Alice Marriot. In â€Å"1910†, symbolism is used to represent the character’s values. This character has a lot of pride, and looks highly upon herself. She values her high standing in society, self-esteem, material things, and how others look at her. The scarf and gloves in the poem are what symbolize this. Through repetition of the scarf and gloves in every line, her pride is recognized. When her pride is struck down, and the gloves and hat are thrown on the street corner, her values seem to be dented. But she stands behind them 100%; by going to the extreme of burning down the store that she is kicked out of. She gets back up and takes revenge to restore her pride, therefore backing her values. In â€Å"Tsali of the Cherokees†, Tsali values his land very strongly. He demonstrates the ultimate act of holding up to your values. He stands behind them with his life, literally. This is demonstrated through the extreme sacrifice of death. It is a perfect example of how far a character will go to live up to their values. A very deep and dense mood is set as he stands up for what he believes in. Just as his young children are walking away from the rest of their family, gunshots can be heard. It is an unbelievable idea that a character would actually die over their values. What makes the stone sink deeper in the reader’s stomach is the fact that it’s a true story. By using this mood, the author really sets in the question as to how far one would go for their values. Two very different examples are used in showing the strength of a character’s values, and how they play a role in the story. On one side, there is a character that seems to have selfish values. This character goes and harms others to fulfill her values.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Review of Janet Abbate’s Inventing the Internet
Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1999, 258 pages Janet Abbate’s Inventing the Internet explores the history of the Internet as â€Å"a tale of collaboration and conflict among a remarkable variety of players. †(3) Abbate’s writing concentrates on the Internet’s development through social and cultural influences. The book explores the evolution of the Internet from ARPANET to global networks.The Internet’s expansion has existed within an interworking web of innovators; government and military, computer scientists, graduate students, researchers, cable and phone companies, network users, etc. The details given by Abbate affirm the book’s claim that the Internet was not born of a single originating event. It, instead, progressed over time through the junction of advances in technology and needs in society. The Internet is an ever-adapting system, which is fresh and changing a t escalating rates yet has a history that crosses over several decades.Born within paranoia surrounding the Cold War and growing through many different forms, the Internet’s history is laid out chronologically in Abbate’s six chapters. In this informative and methodical chronicle, Abbate tracks the important teamwork of the Internet’s creators and societal needs in a detailed and entertaining volume of history. Despite the revolution of the Internet bringing about doorways to assorted information, it has done a bizarrely deprived job of recording its own history. As the Internets’ creators get older, it is essential to capture their first hand accounts of the history they made.In her book, Inventing the Internet, Abbate saves the early history of the Internet. The book is divided into six segments. The first segment relays White Heat and Cold War: The Origins and Meanings of Packet Switching that is primarily about packet switching. The second covers the political and technical challenges involved in Building the ARPANET: Challenges and Strategies, concerning the creation and struggles of ARPANET. The third segment covers user communities and their affect on the ARPANET in â€Å"The Most Neglected Element†: Users Transform the ARPANET.The fourth considers the shift made, From ARPANET to Internet approaching defense and research. The fifth section covers The Internet in the Arena of International Standards. The final section, Popularizing the Internet, shows the beginning of the wide spread of the Internet but before Internet connectivity becomes popular at the personal level. All things considered, the book states the expansions in Internet history between 1959 and 1991, with some proceedings to 1994. The author’s study of the Internet’s genesis makes systematic links between the technological development and its organizational, social, and cultural environment.There are many available histories on the Internet, in print and online. Most are well-documented information on technology and its history. Some mention the fundamental concepts of communication, information, and knowledge. Abbate's work, however, goes beyond ordinary facts and her findings are most revealing. The beginning of the Internet is well known. It was a United States Defense research program named ARPANET. The internal structure of ARPA that reared the network development during its first years is not as well known.Inventing the Internet explains how the little agency was created in 1958 to respond to the Soviets' successful launch of the world's first artificial satellite. ARPA did not own a laboratory. ARPA’s role was to create centers in universities through the financing of research projects in defense-related domains. When ARPA decided in 1969 to connect the supercomputers scattered among university campuses, it had no political or financial difficulty attracting the best computer scientists from all over the United States.The originality of ARPANET is this basic freedom, in contrast to market laws and official control. Inventing the Internet highlights ARPA and its brilliance, which seems to violate both the hands-off approach and the state-intervention ideology. ARPANET was born in an atmosphere of total confidence within a community whose total purpose was to connect the computer equipment from as many universities as possible, while striking the least restricting of standards. Packet-switching technology was the tool hat seemed to execute the fewest constraints so ARPANET was based on packet switching instead of the circuit-switching technology that characterized all other telecommunications networks in the world. Along the way, users and other developers took computer networking in directions that ARPA did not intend. Users rapidly made e-mail the most successful network application. Other countries tested the Internet with varying protocols and applications. The community of scient ists hard-pressed the National Science Foundation into action that overshadowed ARPA's in the 1990s.As new applications and pressures arose, the United States government moved toward privatization of the Internet in the 1990s. This development and the commercialization of personal computers helped build an advantageous atmosphere for the introduction of the hypertext system and web browsers. The World Wide Web turned out to be available even to beginners. Abbate argues successfully that the origins of the Internet â€Å"favored military values, such as survivability, flexibility, and high performance, over commercial goals, such as low cost, simplicity, or consumer appeal†(5).On one good side of things, it was these features that offered computer networks their keen adaptability and quick reaction to the unexpected demands of users. Per the cons, suggests Abbate, they could have caused defiance of commercialization in the system as ARPA did not visualize charging individuals to use the system the way the phone company charges individual telephone users. Based on detailed research in primary documents and extensive communication with many of the principals in the story, Abbate's history delivers the most detailed and revealing account.She succeeds in showing that both its developers and its users socially constructed this evolving technology. How might one know where they're going, if they don’t know where they have been? It's someway comforting to learn that a technology that seems to be new and ever-evolving actually has a history crossing several decades. This history of the Internet, a technology that modern people use on a daily basis in various arrangements, is outlined so perceptively in Janet Abbate’s, Inventing the Internet.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Organic Lab 7
Amanda Jornd Experiment 7- Synthesis and Reactivity of tert-Butyl Chloride Via an SN1 Reaction Introduction/Background: Alkyl halides are compounds in which a halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom of an alkane. Alkyl halides are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl substituents directly attached to the carbon attached to the halogen atom. The purpose of this lab was to properly prepare t-butyl chloride from t-butyl-alcohol in a concentrated hydrochloric acid.The reaction occurs through a nucleophilic substitution, which is when a nucleophile replaces the leaving group in the substrate. In this lab, the hydroxyl group of t-butyl alcohol is replaced by a chlorine atom. The reaction proceeds through an SN1 mechanism (Weldegirma 38-41). â€Å"A nucleophile is any neutral or uncharged molecule with an unshared pair of electrons. In the substitution reaction, the nucleophile donates an electron pair to the substrate, leading to the formation of a n ew bond to the nucleophile, while breaking the existing bond to the leaving group†(Solomons and Fryhle 99-102).The two types of nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2, are identified based on whether the different steps occur simultaneously (SN1) or in two separate steps (SN2). To synthesize the t-butyl chloride, the t-butyl alcohol goes through an SN1 reaction. Also, the nature of the solvent can affect which substitution reaction will occur. Polar protic solvents typically favor SN1 reactions. This is because the SN1 mechanism is carried out in two steps and the polar protic solvent produces both a cation and an anion which are capable of stabilizing the charges on the ions formed during the reaction.Because an SN2 reaction occurs in one step, this is unfavorable; however, the SN2 reactions tend to favor polar aprotic solvents. Another factor affecting the type of substitution reaction is the nature of the leaving group. Since the SN1 reactions occur in one step, they generally require an excellent leaving group and won’t typically run with a poor leaving group. The SN2 reaction also favors excellent leaving groups but can run with any type of leaving group because it is run in two different steps. To synthesize the t-butyl chloride, the t-butyl alcohol goes through an SN1 reaction. Weldegirma 38-41). Mechanism of the preparation of tert-butyl chloride: Possible side reaction during the preparation of tert-butyl chloride: Experimental Section/Flow Chart: Part 1: 60mL separatory funnel + cooled 15mL of concentrated HCl to 0? C + added 15mL of HCl to separatory funnel + added 5mL tert-butyl alcohol +swirled it without the stopper for 20 minutes + let stand until two distinct layers were formed + drained lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and saved just incase Organic Layer- in separatory funnel +added 30mL of DI water + swirled for a few minutes let stand until two distinct layers formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and s aved just incase Organic Layer- in separatory Funnel + added 15mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate + shook with stopper with venting + let stand for a few minutes until two distinct layers formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and kept just incase Organic Layer- in separatory funnel + added 15mL of water + swirled for a couple minutes + let stand until two distinct layers have formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and kept just incase Organic Layer transferred product layer into clean/dry 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask + added 1. 5 grams of anhydrous calcium chloride to dry the product +decanted into round bottom flask + added 6 boiling stones + ran through a simple distillation Tert-Butyl Chloride Part 2- Test tube #1- + added . 1mL tert-butyl chloride from part 1 + added 1mL of NaI + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Negative Result Test Tube #2- + added . 1mL tert-butyl chloride from part 1 + added 1mL of AgNO3 + shoo k while holding top of test tube with finger recorded time, look, color, etc. Positive Result Test Tube # 3- + added . 2mL tert-chloro butane + added 1mL of NaI + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Positive Result Test Tube #4- + added . 2mL tert-chloro butane + added 1mL of AgNO3 + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Negative Result Table of Chemicals: Table of Chemicals 1: Table of Chemicals 1: Chemical Name-| Physical Properties- | Chemical Properties- | Tert-Butyl Alcohol-| M. P. -25-26 ? CB. P. – 82-83? CMolecular Weight- 74. 2 g/molWater Solubility- miscible| Combustible- noFlammable- yes| Hydrochloric Acid-| M. P. – -114? CB. P. – -85. 05? CMolecular Weight-36. 4 g/mol| Combustible- yesFlammable- no| Sodium bicarbonate-(Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. – 50? CB. P. – 851? CMolecular Weight- 84 g/molWater Solubility- 9 g/ 100mL| Combustible- noFlammab le-no| Table of Chemicals 2: Table of Chemicals 2: Tert-butyl chloride-| M. P. – -26? CB. P. – 51? CMolecular Weight- 92. 57 g/molWater Solubility- sparingly| Combustible- noFlammable-yes| Anhydrous calcium chloride- | M. P. – 772? CB. P. – 1935?CMolecular Weight- 110. 98 g/molWater Solubility- 74. 5 g/ 100mL| Combustible- yes/ slightlyFlammable- no| Silver nitrate-| M. P. – 212? CB. P. – 444? CMolecular Weight- 169. 87 g/molWater Solubility- 122 g/100mL| Combustible- noFlammable- no| Sodium iodide-(Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. – 661? CB. P. – 1304? CMolecular Weight- 149. 89 g/molWater Solubility- 178. 8 g / 100mL| Combustible- noFlammable- no| Table of Chemicals 3: Table of Chemicals 3: 1-chlorobutane- (Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. – -123? CB. P. – 78? CMolecular Weight- 92. 57 g/molWater Solubility- . g/L| Combustible- YesFlammable-Yes| Results: Percent Yield- t-butyl alcohol: Density = Mass/Volume : M= . 842 x 5 = 4. 21 grams Mass/ M. W. = # moles : 4. 21 g / 74. 12 g/mol = . 0568 moles of t-butyl alcohol t-butyl chloride: Density = Mass / Volume : M= . 397 x 2 = . 794 grams mass / M. W. = # moles: . 794 g / 92. 57 g/mol = . 00858 moles of t-butyl chloride Because of a 1:1 ratio then you can use actual / theoretical x 100 . 00858 moles / . 0568 moles x 100 = 15. 105 % Results Table 1: Results Table 1: | Color| Precipitate appearance| Time of precipitate| After warm water (50?C) bath| Positive or Negative Result| Test Tube # 1- T-butyl chloride & NaI| Clear/ faint tint of yellow| No precipitate| Over 6 minutes and still no precipitate| Nothing occurred after 6 minutes in the steam bath| Negative Result| Test Tube # 2- T-butyl chloride & AgNO3| Cloudy and white| Yes, small solid particles| . 8 seconds| N/A| Positive Result| Test Tube # 3- t-chloro butane & NaI| Slightly cloudy with initial drop but quickly turned clear| No precipitate after 6 minutes| 6 minutes RT, for steam bath 4 minutes 58 seconds| Yellow solution as well as white precipitate on bottom formed. Positive Result| Test Tube #4- t-chloro butane & AgNO3| Clear colorless liquid| No precipitate| 6 minutes RT, 6 minutes steam bath| No precipitate| Negative Result| Discussion: Throughout this lab, the main goal was to properly create a t-butyl chloride. In order to test if we properly received our product we tested the sample with two different solvents, a solvent of sodium iodide and silver nitrate. If an alkyl halide is a tertiary one, it can easily react with a solvent of silver nitrate to generate a relatively stable tertiary carbocation through an SN1 reaction.If an alkyl halide is a primary one, it can then react with iodide ions in the sodium iodide solvent by an SN2 mechanism showing a precipitate of insoluble sodium chloride. Heat can also be used in this process to speed up the reaction (Weldegirma 38-41). The first test we ran was t-butyl chloride and sodium iodine. After mixing the two compounds , there was only a slight tint to the liquid but remained clear and precipitate free for 6 minutes of being room temperature. We then placed it in a warm water in which there was no precipitate that formed while being heated.This test yielded a negative result. The second test that we ran was t-butyl chloride and silver nitrate. Directly after mixing the compounds, there was an immediate white precipitate that had formed. This test yielded a positive result. A negative result with sodium iodide and a positive result of silver nitrate concluded that our solution of t-butyl chloride was a pure tertiary alkyl halide. Our third test was run with t-chloro butane and sodium iodide. This test initially did not form a precipitate while it was kept at room temperature.We then used a warm water bath in which after 5 minutes the solution formed a white precipitate and a yellow liquid. This shows that this test was a positive test. The fourth test was with t-chloro butane and silver nitrate. Th is test did not form a precipitate at room temperature or during the steam bath. This shows a negative result. With the t-chloro butane, the negative result with silver nitrate and the positive result of sodium iodide prove that this is indeed a primary alkyl halide. Conclusion:In this lab, we properly carried out an SN1 reaction from t-butyl alcohol to t-butyl chloride and found that we did in fact create a t-butyl chloride by getting a positive result from our silver nitrate test in the end. Although we weren’t able to visibly see with our eye the nucleophilic attack, the steps that we carried out in the lab showed the separated layers and that there were reactions going on during each step. The organic layer that was continuously washed was undergoing the slow reaction process during each separating stage.In the end, after the distillation of the solution, the SN1 reaction was completely carried out. The information from this data has revealed that it is possible to carry out an SN1 reaction in a lab; however, in the process of washing the product there will be a lot of material lost giving a low percent yield in the end. It would be smart to use chemicals that are inexpensive and in large quantities to carry out these types of reactions. The information and techniques performed in this lab could be applied to other situations in an industrial setting.One example of this could be creating chlorofluorocarbons which used to be produced for aerosol cans and other products. Although these are no longer widely used in the world due to ozone effect, the SN1 reaction could be done with these chemicals. Overall, the lab accomplished what it was set out to do. References: â€Å"Chemical Book. †2008.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Capital Punishment Controversy essays
Capital Punishment Controversy essays No public policy concern has been debated so much persistently and aggressively as that of the capital punishment. (Unnever; Cullen, 2006) Is it necessary to permit a state to put to death few of its criminals? Has the capital punishment ethical sanction, or is it ethically essential, under particular conditions? Such questions are quite contentious and significant that has confronted US state legislatures during the current years. (Lee; Mooney, 1999) A comprehension of the US attitudes relating to capital punishment is vital in this backdrop not only because the US is again imposing execution to its criminal offenders, but since it generates a rough estimate of the standards of maturity of the American civilization. (Bohm, 1987) Capital punishment is an issue which has both supporters and those who oppose the concept. Even though capital punishment has been opposed on several grounds, it is to be understood that capital punishment is an issue which need to be supported for retributive reasons, wherein the punishment provided ought to be proportionate to the crime pretreated; for deterrent reasons so that future victims lives are saved from criminals; since it is cheap, less cruel and better than imprisonment; and since majority of the public are in favor of the issue irrespective of the fact that it has been argued that capital punishment is being racially biased. The issue of Capital Punishment controversy in the US is predominated by the deceptive voice of the anti-death penalty movement. The culture of lies as well as deceit is so influential that several of the falsehoods are presently incorrectly accepted as being facts. (Sharp, 1997) Those who are not in favor of capital punishment advocate that in the US for a short span after Gregg v. Georgia reestablished capital punishment there was stringent legal supervision of the capital punishment and much hurdle in its application, but that phase is prese...
Monday, November 4, 2019
Charity Fraud
In the United States, the charity foundation is an organization that formalizes poverty reduction, promotes education, supports disaster relief, and / or supports community projects. A charitable organization is a nonprofit organization that can take the form of a nonprofit private foundation (trust fund) or management foundation (public charity). When many of us hear the tragic events that happen near our house, we open our minds to support other people in need and support them. Every day millions of people donate to charities around the world. However, charities rarely know where to go and how much they will be donated. Unfortunately charitable organization fraud is becoming an increasingly big problem and only one third of the people in the United States have not expressed distrust of their donation. Altruism, charity, and kindness are used to explain the basic desires of most people to influence and help other people. To take advantage of this fundamental trend, we need a strateg y to organize individuals, employers, businessmen, charities, charitable organizations and fundraiser activities and respond with trends of increasing demand in the world with new and more effective solutions is. Fraud involves many activities including forms or other misunderstandings to obtain financial or significant benefits. According to Levi et al. (2007) Interest fraud, charity fraud, check fraud, consumer fraud, intellectual property and product counterfeiting, public money misuse, game fraud, insider trading / market abuse, insurance fraud, loan fraud, pension fraud, Purchase fraud and tax fraud. (Levi et al. 2007) McBarnet (1988) is able to avoid illegal activities by hiring professional consultants to comply with the law, so usually wealthy offenders or large corporations will take white collar crimes He pointed out that it is the people who can make maximum use. Letters of the law. However, if you violate the rules, you can also use expert consultants, hire the best lawy ers, negotiate with law enforcement agencies and competition cases, and create even more luxurious results. (Croll, 1989) This is not the first time to submit a charity fraud. Continuing Google's fraudulent fraud may result in new incidents when you go there. Hundreds of people around the world are using goodwill from others. This is only an example. It was reported three days ago. I have seen it over and over and I admit that I have hardly read this article. It pays $ 44,000 per year, but spends more than $ 500,000 on business expenses. Money is given to new Ferraris and new homes, not to those in need.
Saturday, November 2, 2019
International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words
International Marketing - Essay Example Unilever is a leading organization which has some 400 consumer product brands under its sleeves. The product brands include food, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. The company touches the lives of its consumers in a number of different ways. Unilever has a range of products starting from global brands like Lipton, Dove, Omo, Knorr to some trustworthy local brands like Suave and Blue Band. The organization employs around 163,000 people in 100 countries across the globe. With a turnover of â‚ ¬ 39.8 billion, Unilever products are sold in more than 170 countries with its 264 manufacturing sites spread worldwide (Hoovers, 2010). According the company site, it helps â€Å"people feel good, look good and get more out of life, meeting their everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands and services that are good for them and good for others†(Unilever, 2010). Nestle Nestle is a leading global name in the food and beverage divisions. The company offers product ranges starting from instant infant food, coffee and chocolate to bottled water and promotes the same in more than 130 countries across the globe. Nestle is one of the leading companies in the total sales amount. In Coffee, the company has some top-notch brand names. The company has left its mark with leading brands like Maggi, Nestea, Nescafe, Friskies and Nestle. The company is among the leading packaged water producers and is a significant player in the pet food industry. Apart from all these, the organization holds significant amount of shares in Alcon Inc and cosmetic giant L’Oreal. Starting its journey back in the year 1866, the company is continually stepping forward to achieve a sustainable growth in the coming future (Nestle, nod.). Competitive Advantage Unilever On any given day, around two billion people use the products of Unilever. From feeding the family to keeping the household clean and fresh, the products have become significant parts of daily life. Research and Development can be seemed to be the gateway to constantly enhancement of the brands to deliver more intense and rewarding product experiences. Consumer research has played a significant role in the success story of this organization. Unilever makes continual efforts to introduce new and enhanced products to meet the changing requirements of its large consumer base. The company invests around â‚ ¬ 1 billion annually to meet the cutting edge research and development requirements. The company has five research
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